Module+5+Review

**What is potential energy? **
====Potential energy is defined as stored energy. It can also be seen as the capacity to do work due to an object's location or arrangement of it's parts. ====

It is the part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction.
Marla's response: Chemical energy is a form of energy that is related to the structure of molecules and the type of bonds that connect the atoms together.

**Define oxidation and reduction. Give examples. **
====Oxidation reactions involve the loss of electrons for example rusting iron and Reduction reaction involves the gain of electrons for example methane. ==== ==== Marla's response: Oxidation is the removal of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons. An example of this is Oxidative phosphorylation, when NADH oxidizes it loses an H+ electron that then hooks up with Oxygen (reduction) creating NAD+ and H2O. ====

Marla's response: Glucose is the main reactant being oxidized. At the end Oxygen is being reduced.
====**Enzymes: know the mechanics of an enzymatic reaction. How does an enzyme make reactions proceed more easily? Define substrate, active site, allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation, competitive inhibition. **====

Enzymes are catalysts which are molecules that make chemical reactions proceed faster than they would on their own.

 * ====Substrates are molecules upon which an enzyme acts. ====
 * ====Active site is a part of an enzyme where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction. ====
 * ====Allosteric inhibition is when a substance bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site of the enzyme. ====
 * ====Allosteric activation is an increase in enzyme activity by binding of an effector at an allosteric site that affects binding or turnover at the catalytic site. ====
 * ====Competitive inhibition is when a substance blocks the active site of an enzyme preventing substrate from binding. ====

Heat, shift in pH, detergents, and salt concentrations.
====Marla's response: Like proteins, because most enzymes are proteins, they can be denatured by shifts in temperature, detergents or changes in salinity. ====

Marla's response: Co-factors are inorganic or metal ions, also known as Minerals. They help enzymes.
====**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What are coenzymes? Examples? ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Coenzymes are organic compounds that help speed chemical reactions. An example is vitamins. ==== ====<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marla's response: Co-enzymes are organic molecules, also known as vitamins, the help enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Many are available to take as supplements ie. CoQ10. ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">During oxidative phosphorylation.
====<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marla's response: Oxygen gets involved in the Electon transfer phosphorylation, it hooks up with the H+ creating the end product of water. ====

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Name 4 actions an enzyme takes to help the reaction proceed. **

 * 1) ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">helps specific substrate molecules get together at their active site ====
 * 2) ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">helps orient substrates in positions that favor reaction ====
 * 3) ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">helps orient substrates in positions that favor reaction ====
 * 4) ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">shutting out water molecules ====

Marla's response:

 * 1) Helps some substrate molecules "get together"
 * 2) Hold substrate molecules in correct orientation that favors a reaction.
 * 3) Shuts out water molecules.
 * 4) Helps by introducing a fit that helps allow the substrate in to the active site. (induced-fit)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Kreb's cycle
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. Electron Transport Chain <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(also called Oxidative phosphorylation, Electron Transfer Phosphorylation) ====

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Major products? **
Glycolysis - 2 ATP + 2NADH

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Accounting summary for Aerobic Respiration **
2 ATPs for each pair donated by FADH2 ||
 * || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How many ATP? ==== || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How many NADH? ==== || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NADH converted to how many ATP? ==== || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How many FADH2? ==== || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">FADH2 converted to how many ATP? ==== ||
 * ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Glycolysis ==== || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2 ==== || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2 ==== || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
 * ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Krebs ==== || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2 ==== || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8 ==== || 0 || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2 ==== || 0 ||
 * ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Electron Transport Chain ==== || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">32 || 0 || 3 ATPs per electron pair || 0 || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">36 ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Totals (ATP) ==== || 36-40 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||

====**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How many ATP utilized to transport NADH into mitochondrion? **<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1 ATP (not in workbook or chapter?) ====

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Explain the electron transport system. **
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes located at the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons from NADh and FADH2 pass through electron transfer chains in the inner mitochondrial membrane. An H+ gradient forms as electron flow through the chains drives H+ form the inner to outer compartment. Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the electron transfer chains. H+ flows back to the inner compartment through ATP synthases. The flow drives formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate. ====

====**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Please explain the above process, using as much detail as you can. (hey, a lot of the detail is right there, so you explaining it is most of the points!) **====

Marla's response:

 * 1) ==== Stage 1. Both anerobic (fermentation) and Aerobic respiration process glucose in Glycolysis. This takes place in the cytoplasm which is an anerobic setting. From this process 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate and 2 net ATP are gained. ====
 * 2) Stage 2. Aerobic respiration continues on by launching the 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate into the inner Mitochondrial compartment where the 2 Pyruvate convert to Acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle. In the Krebs cycle it loses all 6 CO2 and produces 8 NADH, 2 FADH and 2 ATP. These totals are now: 10 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 ATP.
 * 3) Stage 3. Electron transfer chains are initiated. NADH and FADH (they are like batteries) actively transport molecules through transfer chains (like a relay race) forming a H+ gradient. NADH and FADH oxidize and oxygen enters the picture. Oxygen reduces picking up the H+ creating the end product of water. As molecules flow back into the inner compartment through ATP synthesis ADP changes to ATP creating about 32 ATP.
 * 4) Payoff: 36-40 ATP are created from one glucose molecule. This number depends where the cell is located in the body.