Chapter+One

These are the lists from which the definition quizzes are based, so you need to know them in advance of the quiz on the chapter.
 * //DEFINITION LISTS://** Fo r each chapter, there will be a list of vocabulary words.

//Definition Worksheet #1: Chapter 1 and Labs #1 & #2// Define the following key terms. 1. Metabolism -all the enzymes mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build, remodel, and break down organic molecules. 2. Homeostasis:-The collection of processes by which the conditions in a multi celled organism's internal environment are kept within tolerable ranges. 3. Cell- Smallest unit with properties of life- the capacity for metabolism, growth, homeostasis, and reproduction. 4. Tissue- Organized array of cells and substances that are interacting in some task. 5. Organ- Structural unit of two or more tissues that interact in one or more tasks. 6. System (organ system)- Organs that interact in one or more tasks. 7. Organism- An individual that consists of one or more cells. 8. Population (species)- Group of single celled or multi celled individuals of a species in a given area. 9. Community - all populations of all species in a specified area. 10. Ecosystem - a community that is interacting with its physical environment through inputs and outputs of energy and materials. 11. Biosphere - encompasses all regions of Earth's crust, water and atmosphere in which organisms live. 12. Prokaryotic Cells - cells without a nucleus. 13. Eukaryotic Cells - cells which begin life with a nucleus. 14. Evolution - change in a line of descent. 15. Dependent Variable - what is measured to determine the effect of the independent variable. 16. Independent Variable - changed deliberately by investigator. 17. Standardized Variable-The variables in an experiment that are always the same 18. Bias-refers to the effect that a conclusion may be incorrect-to avoid bias a blinded study may be done 19. Placebo Effect-an effect usually but not always benefical- 20. Hypothesis-testable explaniation/answer to a question 21. Theory-is not an opionion-it is supported by a large body of evidence 22. Prefix-a letter of series of letters attached to the beginning of a word, word base, or suffix-ex: bry- = moss, so bryology is the study of moss 23. Suffix-they can alter the form of a word, they are placed at the end 24. Word Root-primary unit of the word-base word- ex: the root of "running" is "run"


 * CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to the Study of Biology**
 * 1.** **What is the definition of BIOLOGY?** Biology is the study of all living organisms

2**. Matching: Choose the most appropriate definition for each term listed. (see pg. 4)**

1. __organ system__ F 2. cell- E 3. __community__ -H 4. ecosystem-J 5. __molecule-G__ 6. organelle -C 7. __population (species)-L__ 8. subatomic particle -B 9. __tissue__ - M 10. biosphere -D 11. __multi-celled organism__ -K 12. organ-A 13. __atom__ - I

A. one or more tissues interacting as a unit B. proton, neutron, or electron C. a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that carries out a specialized function (e.g. mitochondrion) D. all regions of Earth’s water, crust and atmosphere that hold organisms E. the smallest unit of life capable of surviving and reproducing on its own F. organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task G. two or more atoms bonded together H. all populations of all species occupying a specified area I. the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element J. a community interacting with its physical environment (biotic interacting with abiotic) K. an individual composed of different types of cells L. a group of individuals //of the same// //species// in a particular place at a particular time M. a group of cells that work together to carry out a particular function

3 What is an EMERGENT PROPERTY?

A property of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts. E.G. Cells (which are alive) are composed of many molecules (which are not alive).

4. **Using the terms below, rewrite them in order from smallest to largest.**

tissue, community, molecule, biosphere, organ system, organelle, ecosystem, atom, cell, population, subatomic particle, multi-celled organism, organ 1.) Subatomic particle 2.) Atom 3.) Molecule 4.) Cell 5.) Tissue 6.) Organ 7.) Organ system 8.) Multi celled organism 9.) Population 10.) Community 11.) Ecosystem 12.) Biosphere

5. **What is life?** Please consult the section in BLUE ITALICS at the beginning of section 1.2 (text), and answer the following question: There is unity to all living things. All living things: 1. Continually input energy and cycle materials 2. Sense and respond to change as they adjust to conditions in their body 3. Grow and reproduce--DNA is the basis of this in all organisms 4. Differ in the details of their traits

6. **Energy and Life’s Organization** Please label the above diagram (from Figure 1.3, text). Why do living organisms need inputs of energy?

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Living organisms can generally be divided into one of two groups: A. Producers __use sunlight energy to construct sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules (photosynthetic organisms)__ B. Consumers these organisms cannot make their own food, so they eat producers and other organisms. //Animals// eat producers or other consumers; //Decomposers// are consumers that feed on wastes or remains of organisms.

Can **nutrients** be recycled between producers and consumers? Explain.
 * Analysis of the energy flow in living systems:**

Yes. Some nutrients released by the decomposition cycle (by consumers) cycles back to producers.

Why is the energy flow from the sun down through producers and consumers considered a ONE WAY flow?

Because with each transfer, some of the energy will escape as heat and cells do not use heat to do work.

What happens to energy that is lost in this series of energy transfers? It leaves permanently in the form of heat.

What happens when you eat sugar (describe the changes that occur inside of your body)? Explain how receptors are involved, and also how the body maintains homeostasis as we put sugar into our guts.

When sugar enters your body, it binds to receptors and your blood sugar rises. This binding causes cells throughout your body to take up sugar faster, bringing your blood sugar level back to normal.

What is DNA, and why is it so important?

A nucleuic acid that is the signature molecule of life. The basis for growth, survivial and reproduction in all orginisms.


 * 7.** **Life’s Diversity**

The above chart shows the 3 domains of life. Within the domain Eukarya, what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya? 1. Protists 2. Plants 3. Fungi 4. Animals Using Table 1.1, please compare life’s three domains: Domain Characteristics Examples
 * Bacteria:- single celled organisms-- Prokaryotic ||  ||   ||
 * Archaea:- Single celled organisms-- Prokaryotic ||  ||   ||
 * Eukarya: Single and multi celled organisms-Plants ||  ||   ||


 * 8.** **Evolution by natural selection**

How can organisms be so much alike and still show tremendous diversity? From information encoded in your DNA

What is a **mutation**? Small scale changes in DNA

Charles Darwin asserted three principles relating to the evolution of traits in organisms: 1. Population increases in size

2. Individuals of the population differ from one another in the details of shared traits

3. Adaptive forms of traits make their bearers more competitive, so those forms become more common over generations.

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection?

Artificial Selection-- Has one form of a trait favored over others and contrived and manipulated in an artificial environment

Natural Selection- The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population that differ in details of their heritable traits.

9. The Nature of Biological Inquiry

should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong. “if” hypothesis is correct “then” the prediction holds. || If tests confirm prediction, then this lends evidence in support of the hypothesis. If tests disprove prediction, then the hypothesis may be flawed. ||
 * **Observe** || some aspect of nature ||
 * Question || frame a question that relates to your observation ||
 * **Hypothesis** || **a testable answer to your question** ||
 * || **a testable explanation of the observed phenomenon or process** ||
 * **Prediction** || Using hypothesis as a guide, make a statement of some condition that
 * **Test** || Devise experiments. Experiments may be performed on a model if experiments directly with a subject is not possible ||
 * **Results** || Assess results of the tests.
 * **Repeat** || Repeat to strengthen probability that hypothesis is strong. ||
 * **Report** || Report all steps of experiment as well as conclusions to scientific community ||

Why is critical thinking so important in science? Science is limited to that which is observed and is the study of that for which valid evidence can be gathered. Scientists must be able to judge information before deciding whether to accept it.

How is the word THEORY defined in science? A theory is a hypothesis which has not been disproven even after years of tests. It's consistent with all evidence gathered to date and has helped make successful predictions about other phenomena.

Complete the following table using information from your text:
 * Experiments: Tests that support or falsify a prediction. ||  ||
 * Variable: A characteristic that differs among individuals or events. ||  ||
 * Experimental group: A set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment. ||  ||
 * Control group: Identical to the experimental group except for one variable. ||  ||

Matching exercise: match the definition in the first column with the term in the second column.

1.a test that can support or falsify a prediction ( A)

2. a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong (C)

3. a testable answer to some question or observation (E)

4. Identical with an experimental group in all respects //except// for the one variable being studied. (D)

5. A hypothesis that has not been disproven even after years of tests. (F)

6. a characteristic that differs among individuals or events (B)

A. scientific experiment

B. variable

C. prediction

D. control group

E. hypothesis

F. scientific theory

1. The human body has the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. This ability is called a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis. *
 * Sample Test Questions for Chapter 1 and Labs 1-4:**

2. A boy is color-blind just like his grandfather was, even though his mother had normal vision. This situation is the result of a. adaptation. b. inheritance. * c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

3. The digestion of food, the production of ATP by photosynthesis and respiration, the construction of the body’s proteins, reproduction of cells, and the contraction of a muscle are all activities associated with a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. * d. homeostasis.

4. The experimental group and control group are identical except for a. the number of variables studied. b. the variable being studied * c. the sample size of each group d. the number of experiments performed on each group.

5. While walking through a park in your neighborhood you notice the well maintained cobblestone pathway, many beautiful trees, several squirrels running about, a spider’s web with a huge spider, a couple playing with their dog and a nice fountain. The park would best be described as B.) a community. a. a species b. a community c. an organism d. an ecosystem e. none of the above

6. A testable explanation of some natural phenomena that has not been disproven even after years of repeated tests. B.) theory a. control b. theory c. hypothesis d. prediction

7. TRUE-FALSE: A population consists of all the living organisms in a specific area. False

8. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of living organisms? E.) all the above are characteristics of living organisms a. they have the ability to grow and develop with time b. they store genetic instructions in DNA molecules c. they survive by metabolism (they utilize energy) d. they reproduce e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms

Use the following situation to answer questions 9-11. You are studying the effect of temperature on food spoilage and want to know at which temperature food will stay fresh the longest. You place the food in different incubators set to different temperatures and allow the food to remain undisturbed for several weeks after which time you observe the amount of spoilage.

9. In this experiment, the //incubators set at different temperatures// would be the a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. standardized variable

10. In order to get the best data, or the most reliable results from this experiment, which of the following would you suggest be done? E a. test different foods at different levels of “ripeness”, for different lengths of time, and at different levels of humidity all at the same time. b. do the experiment only once to lessen the chance that you make an error. c. set all the incubators to the same temperature to increase the sample size. d. allow the food to stay in the incubators for only one day to lessen the chance of contamination e. repeat the experiment at least 3 times.

11. What type of graph would better present this data? A a. line graph b. bar graph

12. Which of the following depend **directly** on sunlight for energy? A a. producers b. consumers c. decomposers d. none of the above

13. TRUE or FALSE: Double blind studies (experiments) are done to eliminate the placebo effect of the people taking part in an experiment. F

Use the chart from Experiment 3 to help you answer questions 14-17.

14. What is the length in micrometers of an object that measures 28.0 mm in length? D a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 d. 28,000. e. 0.028

15. If an object measures 28.0 centimeters, what is the length in millimeters? A a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 d. 28,000. e. 0.028

16. How many cc’s are there in 1/8 cup? E a. 240 b. 120 c. 80 d. 60 e. **30**

17. How many drops are in 1/2 teaspoon? a. 3 b. 15 * c. 30 d. 60 e. 80

18. True or False: A combining vowel (usually the letter O) is used before suffixes that also begin with a vowel. F

19. True or False: It is possible to change the meaning of a medical word by changing the suffix, but not by changing the prefix. T

20. True or False: When defining a medical word, always define the prefix first. F